85 Misc.2d 504, 380 N.Y.S.2d 545
The PEOPLE of the State of New York
v.
AQUARIAN AGE 2000 INC., doing
business as Dollar Savers Assn., et al.,
Defendants.
Supreme Court, Criminal Term, Queens
County, Part 11.
Jan. 26, 1976.
ALFRED D. LERNER, Justice.
This is a trial of indictments for violations
of sections 359(fff) and (g) of the General
Business Law. Defendants are accused,
in effect, of operating a 'pyramid' financing
scheme.
At the conclusion of the People's case,
defendants moved for a trial order of
dismissal, pursuant to section 290.10 of
the CPL, upon the ground that the People
have failed to produce sufficient evidence
upon their direct case to, prima facie,
establish all of the elements necessary to
submit these charges to a jury.
Legally sufficient evidence has been
defined as 'competent evidence, which, if
accepted as true, would establish every
element of an offense charged' (CPL s
70.10).
The court finds, as a matter of law, that
the People have met the burden of
producing sufficient evidence on their
direct case to mandate the denial of this
motion.
[1] Section 20.20 of the Penal Law, as
applicable herein, states that a
corporation is guilty of an offense when:
'(b) The conduct constituting the offense
is engaged in, authorized, solicited,
requested, commanded, or recklessly
tolerated by the board of directors or by
a high managerial agent acting within
the scope of his employment and in
behalf of the corporation; or
(c) The conduct constituting the offense
is engaged in by an agent of the
corporation while acting within the scope
of his employment and in behalf of the
corporation and (i) the offense is a
misdemeanor or a violation, or (ii) the
offense is one defined by a statute
which clearly indicates a legislative
intent to impose such criminal liability on
a corporation.'
There can be little doubt that section
359(fff) of the General Business Law falls
within the above described guidelines,
and *506 in this case of first impression,
the court so rules as a matter of law.
The testimony of the People's witnesses
discloses that agents of the corporate
defendant, Dollar Savers Association,
acting within the scope of their
employment, engaged in conduct which, if
believed by a jury, would constitute the
offenses charged in the indictment.
The testimony of sales meetings held at
the Sheraton Inn in Queens County, and
the roles played by defendants Tucker
and Tanner, the letters bearing what
purports to be a signature of defendant
Conti, as President of the corporate
defendant, all of the other documents
admitted into evidence--all of this, if
accepted by the jury, are sufficient to
establish the acts of the agents requisite
to imputing corporate liability under this
statute.
**548 [2] The broad principle is well
established 'that a corporation may be
liable criminally for the acts of its agents in
doing things prohibited by statute.'
(People v. Canadian Fur Trappers Corp.,
248 N.Y. 159, 161 N.E. 455.)
Section 20.25 of the Penal Law states
that:
'A person is criminally liable for conduct
constituting an offense which he
performs or causes to be performed in
the name of or in behalf of a corporation
to the same extent as if such conduct
were performed in his own name or
behalf.'
[3] Obviously, this section eliminates the
possibility that a culpable defendant might
evade criminal responsibility simply
because he was acting in a corporate
capacity or in the interests of a
corporation. The corporate veil can be
pierced, if appropriate, in criminal as well
as civil cases. The culpable actor can no
longer hide behind a corporate curtain.
[4] The testimony of the People's
witnesses, if accepted, supports the
conclusion that defendant Conti's position
with Dollar Savers Association was that of
a 'high managerial agent' under section
20.20 of the Penal Law. Indeed, it is
conceded that he was President of the
said corporate defendant.
The actions attributed by the People's
witnesses to defendant Conti, if believed
by the jury, are sufficient to connect him
(Conti) to the corporate co-defendant and
to his individual co-defendants.
One of the People's witnesses recounted
conversations with defendant Conti
wherein it is alleged that Conti asserted
the *507 legality of the corporation's
endeavors. A letter (Peo. Ex. II in evid.)
dated October 1, 1974 and signed by a
signature purporting to be that of the
defendant, Conti, states:
'You have purchased a valuable
membership with a growing corporation
that in every way is concerned about the
consumer and putting dollars in the
consumer's pocket.
You also have the right to work our
business and earn extra income if you
so desire. DSA is here to stay and will
in fact become one of the largest
corporations in the United States in the
next few years. The land of great and
free enterprise.'
The defendants Tucker and Tanner have
been linked to the corporation's alleged
chain distribution or pyramid scheme,
through the testimony of all three of the
People's witnesses.
[5] The defendants, in their argument
upon this motion, have raised the defense
of a mistake of law as defined by section
15.20 of the Penal Law. The issue of
whether the People have established,
prima facie, sufficient evidence to support
the offenses charged in the indictment
cannot turn on this purported defense.
**549 The defendants also assert that
two of the People's witnesses, Zarello and
Vitiello are co-conspirators, whose
testimony requires corroboration.
The People did produce one other
eyewitness to a sales presentation by
defendants Tucker and Tanner.
However, the necessity for corroboration
in the instant case is uncertain at best. In
Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112,
53 S.Ct. 35, 77 L.Ed. 206, the principle
has been enunciated that one who is a
member of a protected class set forth in a
statute (i.e., section 359(fff)) cannot be
considered an accomplice.
The defendants have also indicated that
a defense in the nature of entrapment will
be asserted. This, of course, would be an
affirmative defense, and is premature and
not relevant on the issue at hand.
[6][7] Additional argument to the effect
that certain defendants were unaware of
the activities of their co-defendants is
without merit. The defendants are
charged with acting in concert. It is not
necessary for the People to establish that
each of the defendants knew about or
took part in each and every aspect of the
alleged criminal conduct with which they
are all charged. The question of each
one's participation, culpability and criminal
responsibility, if any, is for the jury to
resolve.
*508 Defendants' motions are denied.
END OF DOCUMENT
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